{"id":3984,"date":"2024-08-13T12:23:41","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T12:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/?p=3984"},"modified":"2024-08-13T12:23:41","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T12:23:41","slug":"progresi-dhe-transformimi-i-industrive-te-kines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/progresi-dhe-transformimi-i-industrive-te-kines\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0Progresi dhe transformimi i industrive t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb vitet e fundit, Kina ka promovuar vazhdimisht nj\u00eb zhvillim ekonomik me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, duke leht\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb zhvendosje nga praktika “Prodhuar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb” n\u00eb “Krijuar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb.” Kjo sh\u00ebnon nj\u00eb hap transformues n\u00eb pozit\u00ebn globale ekonomike dhe teknologjike t\u00eb vendit dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb riem\u00ebrtim, por nj\u00eb reflektim i ndryshimeve t\u00eb thella n\u00eb qasjen e Kin\u00ebs ndaj inovacionit, industris\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrhapjes globale.<\/p>\n

Fuqia n\u00eb rritje e inovacionit kinez \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e dukshme n\u00eb hedhjen e hapave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e diversifikimit t\u00eb faktor\u00ebve industrial\u00eb, p\u00ebrparimeve n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin dhe zhvillimin e teknologjis\u00eb kufitare kryesore dhe p\u00ebrparimet n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb digjitale.Akademia Kineze e Shkencave Sociale, n\u00eb vitin 2024 ka nxjerr\u00eb nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb detajuar p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket trajektores zhvilluese t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre sektor\u00ebve dhe piketat ku \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar fokusi zhvillimor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Talent, k\u00ebrkim, zhvillim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vendet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pajisura me faktor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb prodhimit ekonomik, si puna, toka, mineralet dhe kapitali, etj. N\u00eb vitin 2023, shpenzimet totale t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs p\u00ebr K\u00ebrkim dhe Zhvillim (R&D) arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb 3,38 trilion juan\u00eb (ose afro 465 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00eb). Numri i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm i personelit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimit dhe zhvillimit n\u00eb mbar\u00eb vendin tejkaloi 6 milion persona, dhe numri efektiv i patentave t\u00eb shpikjeve vendase arriti n\u00eb 4.015 milion, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb Kin\u00ebn vendin e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb me m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 4 milion patenta efektive t\u00eb shpikjeve komb\u00ebtare. Ajo gjithashtu renditet e para n\u00eb bot\u00eb p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket numrit t\u00eb grupimeve t\u00eb inovacionit t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs dhe teknologjis\u00eb. Kina ka rreth 400,000 nd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe numri i kompanive t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb \u201cunicorn<\/em>\u201d renditet i dyti n\u00eb bot\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Brenda dhjet\u00eb viteve, sasia e burimeve t\u00eb talenteve me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb u dyfishua. Nga viti 2012 deri n\u00eb vitin 2022, numri \u00a0vjetor i student\u00ebve t\u00eb diplomuar t\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb u rrit nga 589,700 n\u00eb 1,242,500 dhe numri i t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuarve n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim shkencor u rrit nga 3,25 milion n\u00eb 6,35 milion. N\u00eb vitin 2022, vitet mesatare t\u00eb arsimit p\u00ebr fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb shtuar rishtas u rrit\u00ebn n\u00eb 14 vjet, duke sh\u00ebnuar k\u00ebshtu p\u00ebrfundimisht kalimin nga \u201cdividenti i popullsis\u00eb\u201d n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cdividend talenti\u201d q\u00eb po realizohet aktualisht.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2023, numri i student\u00ebve t\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb programet dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha llojet e institucioneve publike t\u00eb arsimit t\u00eb larte n\u00eb Kin\u00eb arriti n\u00eb rreth 47.63 milion\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrparime t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrparime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha teknologjike jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb fusha t\u00eb tilla si \u00e7ipat, teknologjia 5G, informatika kuantike, etj. \u00c7ipi Huawei Kirin 9000S ka thyer monopolet teknologjike, me procesin e prodhimit q\u00eb arrin n\u00eb 7 nm dhe performanca e tij i afrohet produkteve t\u00eb huaja t\u00eb procesit 5 nm. Jan\u00eb arritur p\u00ebrparime n\u00eb \u00e7ipat, modulet dhe portat 5G t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs industriale, me gjithsej tre standarde nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare dhe 90 standarde komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb l\u00ebshuara. Prototipi i llogaritjes kuantike ka vendosur rekorde bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket nivelit teknologjik t\u00eb informacionit kuantik optik.<\/p>\n

Teknologjia e inxhinieris\u00eb hap\u00ebsinore ka arritur nivele tejet t\u00eb avancuara n\u00eb rang bot\u00ebror. N\u00eb vitin 2023, anijet kozmike t\u00eb drejtuara Shenzhou 16<\/em> dhe Shenzhou 17<\/em> u nis\u00ebn me sukses dhe u ankoruan me stacionin hap\u00ebsinor Tiangong, duke sh\u00ebnuar normalizimin e rrotullimit t\u00eb ekuipazhit dhe eksperimentet shkencore n\u00eb stacionin hap\u00ebsinor kinez. Raketa bart\u00ebse Long March 5<\/em> ka arritur p\u00ebrparime n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb e ndarjes s\u00eb veshjeve me p\u00ebrmasa t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, teknologjin\u00eb e ndarjes s\u00eb lidhjes s\u00eb modulit me diamet\u00ebr t\u00eb madh dhe teknologjin\u00eb e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb kontrollit p\u00ebr injektim direkt me shtytje t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb orbit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb hapa t\u00eb rinj n\u00eb inxhinierin\u00eb e transportit n\u00eb det, tok\u00eb dhe aj\u00ebr. Avioni kryesor C919 i zhvilluar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur p\u00ebrfundoi me sukses fluturimin e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb. Anija e par\u00eb e lundrimit n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb e prodhuar n\u00eb vend, Adora Magic City, u dor\u00ebzua dhe u vu n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim, duke sh\u00ebnuar aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e industris\u00eb s\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb anijeve t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht aeroplanmbajt\u00ebse, transportues t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb gazit t\u00eb l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm natyror dhe anije t\u00eb m\u00ebdha lundrimi. Nj\u00eb prototip i prov\u00ebs maglev me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, i aft\u00eb p\u00ebr shpejt\u00ebsi deri n\u00eb 600 kilometra n\u00eb or\u00eb, u integrua dhe hekurudha e par\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb nd\u00ebr-detare e projektuar p\u00ebr shpejt\u00ebsi 350 kilometra n\u00eb or\u00eb u p\u00ebrfundua.<\/p>\n

Progres i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb projekte t\u00eb larmishme inxhinierike t\u00eb energjis\u00eb s\u00eb past\u00ebr. Tokamak Superp\u00ebrcjell\u00ebs i Avancuar Eksperimental i zhvilluar nga Kina (EAST) ka arritur rezultate t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb eksperimente t\u00eb shumta, duke kap\u00ebrcyer disa sfida madhore teknike. Hidrocentrali Baihetan, projekti hidroenergjetik m\u00eb i madh dhe teknologjikisht m\u00eb sfidues n\u00eb bot\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar dhe v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb funksion, me grupin e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb prej 16 nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb kapacitetit t\u00eb nj\u00eb makinerie q\u00eb arrin nj\u00eb milion kilovat gjenerator\u00eb hidroelektrik\u00eb t\u00eb instaluar. Kjo po e \u00e7on energjin\u00eb hidroelektrike n\u00eb nj\u00eb epok\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb kapacitetit milion-kilovat me nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb vetme.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Arritje t\u00eb reja n\u00eb zhvillimin e ekonomis\u00eb digjitale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shkalla e ekonomis\u00eb digjitale t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs n\u00eb vitin 2022 llogaritet t\u00eb ket\u00eb arritur n\u00eb afro 7 trilion dollar\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn 41.5% t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm bruto. Shkalla e dep\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb digjitale n\u00eb sektorin industrial ishte 24% dhe n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e sh\u00ebrbimeve ishte 44.7%. Digjitalizimi i bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb po p\u00ebrshpejtohet drejt t\u00eb gjith\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb industris\u00eb, me shkall\u00ebn e dep\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb digjitale n\u00eb bujq\u00ebsi q\u00eb arrin n\u00eb 10.5%.<\/p>\n

Prodhimi inteligjent po p\u00ebrparon me hapa t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj. Kina \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb tregu m\u00eb i madh n\u00eb bot\u00eb p\u00ebr robot\u00ebt. N\u00eb vitin 2022, shitjet e robot\u00ebve industrial\u00eb t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb 290,258 nj\u00ebsi, duke tejkaluar shum\u00eb Japonin\u00eb e renditur t\u00eb dyt\u00eb (50,413 nj\u00ebsi) dhe duke kapur 52.5% t\u00eb tregut global. Kjo sh\u00ebnon nj\u00eb hap t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm nga viti 2012, me nj\u00eb norm\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb rritjeje vjetore prej 28.8% gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb fundit. P\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00ebper, fuqia totale kompjuterike e Kin\u00ebs u rendit e dyta n\u00eb bot\u00eb, duke z\u00ebn\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht 33% t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs globale, me nj\u00eb norm\u00eb rritjeje q\u00eb kalon 50% p\u00ebr dy vjet rresht.<\/p>\n

Struktura industriale p\u00ebrparon n\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb re<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kina \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb eksportuesi m\u00eb i madh n\u00eb bot\u00eb i produkteve t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb, duke arritur nj\u00eb ndryshim historik nga nj\u00eb model tregtar i p\u00ebrpunimit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin eksportet p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin kryesisht nga produkte intensive t\u00eb pun\u00ebs (kjo u karakterizua nga nj\u00eb theks n\u00eb promovimin e importit t\u00eb sasive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb materialeve origjinale dhe eksporti i sasive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb produkteve t\u00eb gatshme), n\u00eb nj\u00eb model t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm tregtar n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin produktet elektromekanike dhe t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb jan\u00eb eksportet kryesore. Ky transformim ka rritur ndjesh\u00ebm konkurrenc\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb produkteve kineze. N\u00eb vitin 2023, Kina eksportoi produkte elektromekanike me vler\u00eb 13.92 trilion juan\u00eb (afro 2 trilion dollar\u00eb), t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin 58.6% t\u00eb vler\u00ebs totale t\u00eb eksportit, nd\u00ebrsa eksportet e saj t\u00eb produkteve intensive t\u00eb pun\u00ebs ishin me vler\u00eb 4.11 trilion juan\u00eb (afro 572 miliard\u00eb dollar\u00eb), q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson vet\u00ebm 17.3% t\u00eb vler\u00ebs totale t\u00eb eksportit. Me pak fjal\u00eb, afro 20% e eksporteve t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs jan\u00eb produkte t\u00eb konsumit t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, kurse afro 60% tashm\u00eb jan\u00eb me vler\u00eb t\u00eb shtuar teknologjike dhe industriale.<\/p>\n

Produktet e reja t\u00eb energjis\u00eb udh\u00ebheqin bot\u00ebn n\u00eb shkall\u00eb prodhimi. P\u00ebr shembull, si prodhimi ashtu edhe shitja e automjeteve me energji t\u00eb re tejkaluan 9 milion\u00eb nj\u00ebsi, duke p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb mbi 60% t\u00eb prodhimit dhe shitjeve globale t\u00eb automjeteve me energji t\u00eb re. P\u00ebrqindja e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb prodhimit tejkalon at\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb konsumatorit, me nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb ndjeshme n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e industrive t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve me intensitet teknologjik dhe me njohuri intensive. N\u00eb vitin 2022, vlera e shtuar e industris\u00eb s\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs tejkaloi 35 trilion juan\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht 60% t\u00eb industris\u00eb s\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve. Rolet mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebse t\u00eb industrive moderne t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve dhe industrive t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve intensive po b\u00ebhen gradualisht m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme.<\/p>\n

Ekonomia industriale \u00ebsht\u00eb shtylla kurrizore dhe motori i rritjes s\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb komb\u00ebtare kineze. Transformimi industrial \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb terren dhe n\u00eb shifra. N\u00eb disa fusha kritike, zhvillimi industrial i Kin\u00ebs ka hyr\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb drejtuar nga inovacioni. Kjo siguron nj\u00eb vrull m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb promovoj\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb solide modernizimin e stilit kinez dhe do t’i mund\u00ebsoj\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb kineze t\u00eb ket\u00eb fuqin\u00eb dhe aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ecur p\u00ebrpara pavar\u00ebsisht sfidave. Nj\u00eb transformim dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim i till\u00eb industrial do ta shtyj\u00eb m\u00eb tej ekonomin\u00eb e Kin\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb zhvillimi me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, duke siguruar zhvillim t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00eb fundmi, “I shpikur n\u00eb Kin\u00eb” p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson k\u00ebt\u00eb epok\u00eb t\u00eb re, ku kompanit\u00eb kineze nuk jan\u00eb m\u00eb thjesht prodhues, por pionier\u00eb t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb dhe inovacionit t\u00eb fundit. Sektor\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb si inteligjenca artificiale, bioteknologjia, energjia e rinovueshme dhe telekomunikacioni kan\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrparime t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, me firmat kineze q\u00eb kryesojn\u00eb tarif\u00ebn globalisht. Kompanit\u00eb si Huawei, BYD, Tencent etj, jan\u00eb shembull i k\u00ebtij ndryshimi, duke krijuar produkte dhe sh\u00ebrbime q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm konkurrojn\u00eb, por shpesh i tejkalojn\u00eb ato nga vendet tradicionalisht t\u00eb drejtuara nga inovacioni.<\/p>\n

Ky tranzicion e ka pozicionuar Kin\u00ebn si nj\u00eb lider global n\u00eb teknologji, duke nxitur rritjen ekonomike dhe duke krijuar vende pune me vler\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Ky rrug\u00ebtim ka nxitur nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb inovacioni brenda Kin\u00ebs, duke inkurajuar kompanit\u00eb dhe sip\u00ebrmarr\u00ebsit t\u00eb shtyjn\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e asaj q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur dhe t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga vetja dhe nga tregu. Gjith\u00eb sa m\u00eb sip\u00ebr kan\u00eb implikime globale, pasi risit\u00eb kineze kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb zgjidhjen e sfidave mbar\u00ebbot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

AIGS<\/p>\n

* Bazuar n\u00eb studimin e Shi Dan, Zhang Qizi dhe Guo Chaoxian. Shi Dan – studiues dhe Drejtor i Institutit t\u00eb Ekonomis\u00eb Industriale, Akademia Kineze e Shkencave Sociale (CASS); Zhang Qizi – Hulumtues dhe Z\u00ebvend\u00ebs Drejtor i Institutit t\u00eb Ekonomis\u00eb Industriale, CASS; dhe Guo Chaoxian – studiues i Institutit t\u00eb Ekonomis\u00eb Industriale, CASS.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb vitet e fundit, Kina ka promovuar vazhdimisht nj\u00eb zhvillim ekonomik me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, duke leht\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb zhvendosje nga praktika “Prodhuar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb” n\u00eb “Krijuar n\u00eb Kin\u00eb.” Kjo sh\u00ebnon nj\u00eb hap transformues n\u00eb pozit\u00ebn globale ekonomike dhe teknologjike t\u00eb vendit dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb riem\u00ebrtim, por nj\u00eb reflektim i ndryshimeve t\u00eb thella n\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-observatory"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3984","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3984"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3984\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3996,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3984\/revisions\/3996"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3984"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3984"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/globalizationinstitute.al\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}